•Research
findings in the context of the four lenses suggest a complex array of effects that must be differentiated
and addressed (focusing on
“generalized conditions”)
•The implications for race (and ethnicity) – cultural insensitivity, race-based assumptions about cause and effect, structural racism, institutional racism – are
that it cannot be a guiding
factor in determining cause however may
be important when considering relevant child welfare responses (focusing on “race / ethnicity condition”)